in humanity that was already present in Adam, but it does not suggest a causal link from Adam to his descendents. Second Esdras 4:30 adds that “a grain of evil seed was sown in Adam’s heart from the beginning, and how much ungodliness it has produced until now.” We are not told who sowed this seed, but it seems that Adam was inclined to sin all along. Among other things, this writer seems to be concerned with the difficult question of why Adam sinned at all, and he does not imply that the sinful